Resumen: El texto propone un recorrido sucinto por los modos en que las lecturas marxistas de fines de los años setenta del siglo XX se apropiaron de la figura de Carl Schmitt, con el propósito de enriquecer con su concepción fuerte de lo político lo que era considerado una debilidad propia del marxismo: su teoría política. Se toman dos casos paradigmáticos en materia de articulación entre Schmitt y Marx: el del italiano Mario Tronti y el del argentino José María Aricó. (...) La lectura parte de la hipótesis de que los ejercicios de Tronti y Aricó se pueden leer como intentos de complementar a Marx con las contribuciones de Schmitt, razón por la cual permanecen al interior del marxismo como horizonte problemático. Finalmente, sugerimos que sobre todo a partir de los años ochenta, y con mayor énfasis de los noventa hacia el presente, las lecturas de Schmitt que continuaron formulándose desde el campo de las izquierdas se hicieron por fuera -y quizá en contra- del marxismo, en la medida en que se lo considera incapaz de producir una teoría compleja de lo político. Se abre entonces la pregunta por los alcances de estas distintas operaciones en materia de crítica del presente.: This paper proposes a brief tour of the ways in which Marxist readings of the late 1970s appropriated the figure of Carl Schmitt in order to enrich Marxist political theory with Schmitt’s strong conception of the political. The paper revisits two paradigmatic cases of complementarity between Schmitt and Marx: the Italian Mario Tronti and Argentine Jose Maria Aricó. The paper puts forward the hypothesis that the exercises of Tronti and Aricó are attempts to supplement Marx with contributions from Schmitt, which is why they remain problematic within Marxism. Finally, we suggest that from the 1980s onward, and with greater emphasis since the 1990s, readings of Schmitt made from the left are outside Marxism, to the extent that they are considered unable to produce a complex theory of the political. The paper ends by discussing the present-day scope of these various critiques. (shrink)

El presente trabajo se propone examinar la objeción de Leibniz a E1p2 y E1p5 y responder a ella. La objeción es conocida: es falso, según Leibniz, que dos substancias de atributos diversos no tengan nada en común (i. e., E1p2) y, por consiguiente, que en la naturaleza no puedan darse dos o más substancias de mismo atributo (i. e., E1p5). Defiendo que E1p2 y, por tanto, E1p5 resisten a la objeción de Leibniz. Para ello, abordo, primero, el sentido y la (...) función de E1p2 a fin de determinar dos posibles contextos en que la demostración es válida: el contexto delimitado por la doctrina cartesiana del atributo principal y el contexto escolástico de la doctrina lógica de la diversidad esencial. Segundo, examino la objeción de Leibniz, con lo que determino de manera más precisa el marco epistémico tanto de E1p2d como de la objeción de Leibniz. Tercero, propongo un análisis crítico de la objeción de Leibniz a fin de mostrar que, si bien esta objeción tiene cierta apariencia de validez, si consideramos únicamente lo enunciado por Spinoza en las definiciones y axiomas anteriores a E1p2, esta entraña una contradicción. Por último, indico el punto de mayor dificultad en la demostración de E1p2 para proponer una pequeña rectificación a fin de volverla inmune a la objeción de Leibniz. (shrink)

Resumen: En este artículo se muestra que la teoría de la justicia y la libertad que Axel Honneth desarrolla en El derecho de la libertad tiene un mayor alcance y profundidad que aquellas teorías de la justicia y la democracia desarrolladas en el liberalismo contemporáneo por Rawls y Habermas. Sin embargo, su modelo normativo del reconocimiento tiene una seria limitación, que consiste en circunscribir el alcance de su concepción de la libertad a las sociedades más desarrolladas de Occidente. Esta limitación (...) afecta negativamente su propuesta, produce una pérdida importante de su potencial crítico y determina que su planteamiento normativo y reconstructivo de la historia de la libertad sea insuficiente frente a otras visiones críticas de la sociedad. El autor hace primero una presentación de la tensión entre las dimensiones negativa y positiva de la libertad. En segundo lugar, reconstruye la forma como Honneth expone el proceso histórico de la lucha por la libertad, y estructura así una definición de esta que comprende tres dimensiones de la libertad: jurídica, moral y social. En tercer lugar, desarrolla unas consideraciones críticas al modelo del reconocimiento de Honneth por desconocer otras experiencias históricas de lucha por la libertad.: This article shows that the theory of justice and liberty developed by Axel Honneth in Freedom´s Right, has a wider range and depth than those theories of justice and democracy developed in contemporary liberalism by Rawls and Habermas. Nevertheless, its normative model of recognition has a serious limitation, which consists in circumscribing the reach of its conception of freedom to the most developed western societies. This limitation affects the proposal in a negative way; it produces an important loss of its critical potential and determines that its normative and reconstructive approach of freedom’s history may be insufficient in front of other critical visions of society. First, the author does a presentation of the tension between the negative and positive dimensions of freedom. Then, he reconstructs the way in which Honneth exposes the historical process of the fight for freedom and thus structures a definition of this fight, which includes three dimensions of freedom: juridical, moral and social. Finally, the author develops some critical considerations dealing with Honneth’s recognition model, as it does not acknowledge other historical experiences of the fight for freedom. (shrink)

El presente artículo analiza sentencias de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos para detectar si en ellas se ha realizado una interpretación intercultural que pudiera salvar aquellas críticas referidas al etnocentrismo de estos derechos. La reflexión se sitúa desde la filosofía hermenéutica y desarrolla una metodología cualitativa de investigación que como técnica utiliza la revisión documental. Se concluye que existe una interpretación intercultural y un diálogo interpretativo entre los textos de derechos humanos y la cosmovisión de las culturas indígenas, aun (...) cuando se requiere de un mayor desarrollo para advertir un criterio general de interculturalidad. (shrink)

We verified moral distress related to organ shortage for transplantation in nursing students. This quantitative pilot study analyzed data from 104 nursing undergraduate students. Data were collected through a survey composed of four questions and two sociodemographic items. The chi-squared test was used to examine categorical variables, whereas continuous variable data were analyzed using ANOVA and the Pearson Product Moment correlational test for determining the existence of moral distress regarding the availability of one heart for four individuals susceptible to heart (...) transplantation. A high level of moral distress was identified with regard to the hypothetical decision-making process, which justifies the need for further studies on the subject. Given the hypothetical scenario, moral distress was observed among the students, reaching severe distress in some cases. Approval CEP-University of Alberta Pro00068610. (shrink)

Background: Organ donation and transplantation represent one of the most important scientific advances over the last decades. Due to the complexity of these procedures and related ethical–legal aspects, however, there are a lot of doubts and uncertainty about the brain death diagnosis and the maintenance of potential organ donor. Aim: To identify and discuss the different meanings and experiences of registered nurses and physicians from an adult intensive care unit in relation to the diagnosis of brain death and the maintenance (...) of potential organ donors for transplantation purposes. Study Design: Participants were registered nurses and physicians from an adult intensive care unit at a University Hospital from Brazil. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using content analysis. Ethical considerations: This study was approved by the University of São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto College of Nursing Research Ethics Committee. Results: Two main categories emerged from the analysis: brain death diagnosis and its implications and maintenance of the potential organ donor and its repercussion in the donation–transplantation process. Six subcategories were also identified: understanding the brain death diagnosis as a tool to aid decision-making; diagnosis as guarantee of rights; difficulties encountered to establish the diagnosis; clinical criteria adopted in Brazil and related ethical–legal aspects; specificities of care to the brain dead person and outcomes; and nurse’s duties toward the brain dead person. Conclusion: Although the brain death diagnosis is scientifically and legally defined in Brazil and the maintenance of the potential organ donor for transplantation purposes has been addressed during the last years, there are still some doubts about the subject, as its understanding varies according to the personal beliefs, culture, and educational background of individuals, including those who work in this scenario. (shrink)

Firm managers play an important role in the implementation of corporate social responsibility (CSR) actions. Education is emerging as the key factor in developing a sense of moral responsibility amongst the business students who will eventually become company managers and decision makers. The aim of this research is, thus, twofold. First, to analyze the existence of a direct positive correlation between university students’ perception of CSR and its impact on business performance; and second, to examine the extent to which two (...) factors (advantages brought by CSR and responsibilities toward stakeholders) act as mediation variables in the aforementioned correlation. The analysis was performed with a sample of 390 business‐related university students. Amongst the potential contributions made by this study we can highlight the possibility of knowing future managers’ way of thinking and of knowing the aspects where educational centers might improve their CSR teaching. (shrink)

Plato's Dialogues One by One interprets and contextualizes each of Plato's dialogues. Victorino Tejera analyzes and explains the content and intellectual quality of the dialogues, highlighting their dramatic aliveness and historico-political allusiveness. He treats each dialogue according to its own integrity, not imposing any system outside of their individual composition, and with an even-handedness that does not place too much emphasis on any aspect or neglect any included concept. With this approach, Tejera seeks to free Plato from the constraints (...) constructed by Academia and to treat him as the open-minded intellectual son of Socrates, releasing the free-flying swan that in the myth became the home of the soul of the master. (shrink)

This year we celebrate Raimon Panikkar’s centenary; one of the most important Spanish thinkers and, undoubtedly, one of those who had the widest international repercussion, together with the other three big philosophers of the 20th century: Unamuno, Ortega and Zubiri. The present work explores the relationship between his thinking and Xabier Zubiri’s, a well-known thinker in the History of Spanish Philosophy, and that of Amor Ruibal, a Galician thinker not so wellknown outside specialized circles. This connection among the three thinkers (...) lies particularly in a conception of reality marked by the relation, reaching its culmination in the Catalan-Hindu thinker: The cosmotheandric perspective of Raimon Panikkar, Zubiri’s respectivity and radical relativity, and the ontological relativity or universal correlationism of Amor Ruibal. (shrink)

This volume illuminates the achievements of present-day social science insights. It merits a close reading by those for whom the history of ideas is a living entity.

Tejera examines how Platonism--a philosophy imported from outside Plato's dialogues--changed our understanding of the dialogues.

Victorino Tejera combines an American naturalist approach to Aristotle's modes of knowing with new applications of Justus Buchler's systematic metaphysics. Bridging the gap between classical and modern, Tejera reveals a cohesive revitalization of metaphysical naturalism for contemporary scholars.

It is well known that the formal system developed by Frege in Begriffsschrift is based upon the distinction between function and argument—as opposed to the traditional distinction between subject and predicate. Almost all of the modern commentaries on Frege's work suggest a semantic interpretation of this distinction, and identify it with the ontological structure of function and object, upon which Grundgesetze is based. Those commentaries agree that the system proposed by Frege in Begriffsschrift has some gaps, but it is taken (...) as an essentially correct formal system for second-order logic: the first one in the history of logic. However, there is strong textual evidence that such an interpretation should be rejected. This evidence shows that the nature of the distinction between function and argument is stated by Frege in a significantly different way: it applies only to expressions and not to entities. The formal system based on this distinction is tremendously flexible and is suitable for making explicit the logical structure of contents as well as of deductive chains. We put forward a new reconstruction of the function-argument scheme and the quantification theory in Begriffsschrift. After that, we discuss the usual semantic interpretation of Begriffsschrift and show its inconsistencies with a rigorous reading of the text. (shrink)

First published in 1984, this revised edition is designed to meet the needs of students and teachers of classical political philosophy. The two chief differences between the present revised edition and the first are the addition of a section on Solon's ethics in Chapter II, and the more frontal approach taken to the discourse of the visitor from Elea in Plato's Politicusóan approach which allows the reader to capture better and trace more easily his systematic equivocation between "the political man" (...) and "the kingly man." Contents: On the Nature of Reflective Discourse in Politics; Solon's Political Judgement and his Poetry; Thucydides's Reflective Discourse and Politics; The Politics of a Sophistic Rhetorician: Applied Pythagorism Scrutinized; Plato's "Republic" or the Remedial Constitution; Aristotle's Political Philosophy; Dante and the Recovery of City-State Rationality about Politics; On the Unity of Machiavelli "The Prince" with the "Discourses"; Biography; Index. (shrink)

Contents: Introduction: on the Intellectual History of Democratic Athens. A Modern Defense of Xenophon's Oligarchic Socrates. The Prelude to the Timaeus and the Atlantis Story. On the Ambivalence and Ideology of the Aristotelian Politics. In Search of the Unplatonized, Prescholastic Aristotle. Philosophic Historiography and the Reception-History of Plato and Aristotle. References and Bibliography.

Written in the American tradition, American Modern: The Path Not Taken describes how four major American thinkers practiced philosophy non-reductively by incorporating the arts and other human activities. Tejera provides a detailed analysis of Peirce, Dewey, Santayana, and Buchler, showing that the importance they placed on the human can cure what is missing in recent philosophy. American Modern will interest philosophers, historians of philosophy, and scholars of American intellectual history.

Is brain structure related to function? Can one predict the other? These are questions that are still waiting to be answered definitively. In this paper we seek to investigate these questions, in particular, we are interested in the relation between brain structure and theory of mind. ToM is defined as the ability to attribute mental states to others. Previous studies have observed correlations between performance on ToM tasks, and gray-matter size/volume in dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, temporoparietal junction and precuneus. Despite these (...) findings, there are concerns about false positive results and replicability issues. In this study we used two different tasks to evaluate ToM, Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test, and the Short Story Task. Performance in these tasks was correlated to brain anatomy measures including voxel-based morphometry and cortical thickness analysis, from ninety-one neurotypical participants. High-resolution structural brain images were acquired, and whole-brain and region of interest analyses were implemented. The analyses did not show statistically significant associations between ToM performance and brain structural measures after correction. Significant associations between performance on ToM tests and a widespread array of regions loosely associated with ToM were observed only for whole brain uncorrected analysis. These results do not replicate a previous study with neurotypical participants. We tested two different ToM tests, two different softwares for VBM and CT, and we used two samples, one with 91 and a sub-sample with 69 participants. Neither of these conditions made a difference in the results obtained. Consequently, these results suggest that if the population is neurotypical and homogenous, it is unlikely that a reliable association between brain anatomy measures and ToM performance, as measured with these tasks, may be found. (shrink)

Filosofía de la historia, Juan Bautista Vico.--Consideraciones sobre el cristianismo.--Antecedentes para la inteligencia de la cuestión de Oriente.--Discurso acerca de las relaciones de España con otras potencias.--Discurso sobre la dictadura.--Cartas relacionadas con el discurso sobre la dictadura.--Discurso sobre la situación general de Europa.--Discurso sobre la situación de España.

In his Twentieth-Century American Philosophy Through Nineteen Portraits, Dr. Maior S. Kelner plumbs original sources to create biographical sketches, in philosophical and historical context, of the 19 greatest contributors to the development of philosophy in the twentieth century United States.The volume consists of 18 author's sheets, with a table of contents, a foreword, six chapters, explanatory notes, an epilogue, a selective bibliography. It is intended for philosophers, historians, and those interested in cultural history, and may be used as a textbook (...) on the history of American philosophy. (shrink)

Both Aristotle’s Rhetoric and Sextus Empiricus say that Diels fragment 1 of Herakleitos comes from the beginning of “his writing” ; and this word is often translated as “his book,” on the assumption that a piece of writing must be a book. And they quote it without the adversative particle de as its second word. Thus the Rhetoric.

Dreyfus examines the central ideas of Dharmakīrti, one of the most important Indian Buddhist philosophers, and their reception among Tibetan thinkers. During the golden age of ancient Indian civilization, Dharmakīrti articulated and defended Buddhist philosophical principles. He did so more systematically than anyone before his time (the seventh century CE) and was followed by a rich tradition of profound thinkers in India and Tibet. This work presents a detailed picture of this Buddhist tradition and its relevance to the history of (...) human ideas. Its perspective is mostly philosophical, but it also uses historical considerations as they relate to the evolution of ideas. (shrink)

Se describe la evaluación diagnóstica mixta, formativa, participativa y democrática del Propedéutico, desarrollada en 2014-2015. Problemas enfrentados: oposición y resistencia de profesores y autoridades, no de estudiantes, aceptar la representatividad de los participantes y pocas facilidades. Se obtuvieron resultados sobre diseño curricular, estudiantes, práctica docente, gestión, infraestructura y tutoría, incluyendo recomendaciones pertinentes para su mejora. Palabras clave: Evaluación, nivel medio superior, evaluación participativa, resistencia.